Ben Hoyle, Arts Reporter
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Stonehenge may have been a burial ground for an ancient royal family, British archaeologists said yesterday.
The original purpose of the stone monument in Wiltshire is one of archaeology’s most enduring enigmas. Previous theories have suggested that it was an astronomical observatory or a religious centre.
But radiocarbon analysis of human remains excavated from the site have revealed that it was used as a cemetery from its inception just after 3000BC until well after the largest circle of stones went up in about 2500BC. Previously, archaeologists had believed people were buried at Stonehenge only between 2700 and 2600BC.
Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at the University of Sheffield, who is leading an excavation of the site, said: “The hypothesis we are working on is that Stonehenge represents a place of the dead.
“A further twist is that the people buried at Stonehenge may have been the elite of their society, an ancient royal British dynasty, perhaps.”
Last year the same researchers found evidence of a large settlement of houses near by.
Professor Parker Pearson said that the latest findings reinforced his belief that the settlement and Stonehenge formed part of a larger ancient ceremonial complex along the River Avon. “What we suspect is that the river is the conduit between the two realms of the living and the dead. It was the prehistoric version of the River Styx.”
This is the first time that any of the cremation burials from Stonehenge have been radiocarbon-dated. The remains were excavated in the 1950s and have been kept at Salisbury Museum. Another 49 cremation burials were dug up at Stonehenge during the 1920s, but all were put back in the ground because they were thought to be of no scientific value.
The new research provides clues about the original purpose of the monument and shows that its use as a cemetery extended for more than 500 years. The earliest cremation burial dated – a small pile of burnt bones and teeth – came from one of the pits around Stonehenge’s edge known as the Aubrey Holes and dates to 3030-2880 BC, roughly the time when Stonehenge’s ditch-and-bank monument was cut into Salisbury Plain.
The most recent cremation comes from the ditch’s northern side and was of a 25-year-old woman; it dates to 2570-2340 BC, about the time that the first arrangements of sarsen stones appeared at Stonehenge. The team estimates that between 150 and 240 men, women and children were buried at Stonehenge over a 600-year period.
Andrew Chamberlain, a specialist in ancient demography at the University of Sheffield, said that the relatively small number of burials in Stonehenge’s earliest phase, becoming larger over the following centuries, was in line with the idea that this might have been the final resting place of a single, growing family.
Professor Parker Pearson added that placement of the graves and artefacts, such as a small stone mace, were evidence that the site was reserved as a “domain of the dead” for the elite.
“I don’t think it was the common people getting buried at Stonehenge, it was clearly a special place at the time,” he said.
The findings are the result of the Stonehenge Riverside Project, a collaboration between five British universities, which is funded by the National Geographic Society and the Arts and Humanities Research Council, with support from English Heritage.
David Batchelor, an archaeologist with English Heritage who has long experience of Stonehenge, welcomed the findings. “What this has done is open up the field slightly by showing that this burial activity appeared over a larger period of time than at first thought, raising questions over who it was that was being buried there,” he said.
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i also saw last night the tv on this, i would like to add there should be evidence of them useing the river avon as transportation, for stones, and people.
jonathan david rose, great torrington, uk
What ever Stonehenge is.....leave it alone
Ray, Coimbra, Portugal
re comments by Gary from Plano which some are puzzled about, I detect the tarnishing of old religion to protect the new. Heaven forfend that anyone is allowed to conclude that the loud beliefs of our times are derived from the speculative sun and star observations of our over-imaginative ancestors.
philip, cambridge,
It appears to me that this was a site for human sacrifice used for black and white magic. may be a training ground for sorcerers... Does somebody know some of clairvoyant findings about this site? I think that the people should not go there at all.. The place may have bad vibrations up to today
unity2diversity, Reading,
Surely Stonehenge is a prehistoric storage heater for the tribe or tribes that rested there. The stones are all placed in a well thought out circle capable of absorbing the Sun's rays from dusk until dawn. The sun was less filtered and could provide a great deal of absorbed and radiated warmth
Philip Warren, Lancaster, U.K.
At the time we are talking about The British Isles was mostly covered in trees. What would anyone need coal for? To smelt metal etc they would have used charcoal. Perhaps Mr Denke should stick to US ancient history!
Miles, Gloucester, UK
Surely evident Gary that they were looking for oil and hailed originally from Texas.
frosbert eglantine, PARIS, France
To extract DNA, DNA has to be present, and unfortunately this isn't always the case. With mumified bodies DNA can be found in hair follicles or skin so its easier to extract. Depending on the state of bone they can sometimes extract it from that. Ageing a body can be done though teeth.
wendy , southend on sea, UK
tom, devon, Devon
Why would Creationists want to debunk this new theory - the results show that Stonehenge is less than 6500 years old? Well inside their theory for the age of the world.
David, Peterborough, UK
Matt, Reading, UK
Google 'Forensic Archaeology'. The Skeletal remains of a person have various characteristics which can help calculate a person's age at death.
http://www.nakedscience.org/agelect.htm
David, Peterborough, UK
Perhaps the scientists could compare the DNA with a current data bank of our population and see if there are any close matches.
David, Hayling Island, UK
So basically Gary, you are relying on your ancestor's (?) theories and just carrying on despite more recent discoveries that eliminate their ideas? - I'd go with the denistry if I were you.
NevTheTech, Southend, UK
Would be interesting to know how many "Creationist" try to debunk this new theory Jon
tom, devon, Devon
Take away all of the dressed-up pretty cemetery headstone rocks and what have you got? Nothing more than a bunch of coal exploratory ditches and holes, that is what. Afterwards, these ditches and holes became cemetery plots, for tired disappointed coal explorers and their cold disheartened families.
Garry Denke, Plano, USA
surely if it is a family burial site then DNA testing would confirm this?
If I remeber correctly 'they' did a DNA test of the peat man or some other ancient hunter and he was a direct ancestor of many people living in nearby villages!
Pete W, Bristol, UK
I am interested to know how they can be so precise on the age of the woman whose remains have been carbon dated (25 years old), yet only give a window of 230 years as to exactly when she was cremated and placed in the ground?
Anyone know exactly how they do it? I obviously dont watch enough CSI.
Matt, Reading, UK
Garry,
Forgive me but what exactly is the point you are trying to make? I seem to be missing it.
Are you suggesting that ancient peoples went to such an effort e.g. dragging huge stones from Wales to Wiltshire, simply to mark the spot where they failed to find coal?
Richard , Jersey, Channel Islands,
Garry, you seriously think they went to the trouble of dragging those stones hundreds of miles and erecting them into a nigh on impossible pattern to mark a coal-free site? That's actually more bonkers than the religious theories!
Helen, Oxford,
Very interesting. As a person who finds Stonehenge a Holy site as well as historical, I'm always happy to hear more about it's past. Have had the priviledge of seeing it 4 times, once for an hour inside the stones (on a rainy morning in June).
The hour inside was a sacred experience for me.
Pagansister, Lincoln, U.S.A.
Avebury coal duster, Cursus coal duster, Durrington Walls coal duster, Long Barrow coal duster, Robin Hood's Ball coal duster, Stonehenge coal duster, Woodhenge coal duster, all originally simple coal hunting failures. Every one of them, coal exploration sites that did not yield coal. Sad, but true.
Garry Denke, Plano, USA